Design of Steel Structures: History and Features

Design of Steel Structures: History and Features Since the 80s the 20th century, the steel as a building material, being more widely used, this office and commercial building contractors in the performance is particularly important. In residential construction, the steel is also a certain proportion of the market. Structural steel is mainly used for roof and facade on the framework. However, from another point of view, the market shares of steel is not ideal, mainly due to technical limitations by 80s, steel structures, product range is very limited. 90s of economic recession slowed the momentum of development of residential steel, and then recovering somewhat in a few years. During this period, the architects and structural engineers have done a lot of fruitful research, the most representative of an invention is the invention of steel rib, use the steel ribs of the light steel dragon wall, no longer a cold bridge phenomenon. This dissertation shows the history of steel constructions, illustrated introduction to these building characteristics, structure and even including the construction, structural aspects of some cases. Also shows what is steel structure and the features of steel structure and stabilities and safety. Introduction In many industrialized countries like the United States, Japan, Britain and Australia, steel is most popular in residential building activity. In Australia the 50% of residential building is made by steel structure; more than 50% of steel structure is used for constructions in Japan; and in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and France have formed a certain scale of industrial steel building system. In U.S. the steel structure is mainly used for multi-storey apartments, hotels, the first steel construction was designed in 1990. So far a total area of the steel structure is developed till approximately 300,000 m2. Up to now, to use the steel structure in the low-rise construction in the U.S has developed 25% from 5% in 90s, and technology of use the steel structure has matured and perfected. The history of steel structure in Japan is more than 100 years. In recent years the steel structure construction has been quickly developed in Japan, steel building construction was increased each year to 50% until now since 1965. Use 90% of steel structure for low-rise building is very common in Japan, there are use approximately 30 tons of steel structure for average area of 300 m2 of construction. History of steel structure The first used of steel structure in construction of countries can be traced back to the end of 18th century in British. A century later, when the French engineers built the famous Eiffel Tower, people began to try to use the steel structure to build the single-family house, thence the steel construction completely changed the previous model of building forms, building design concepts and methods. Steel structure was already been widely used. The high-rise, residential high-rise steel structures are very common in the developed countries. The steel column, H column, round column are more superficial; H steel is generally been use for beams; the column nodes is connected with high strength bolts or welding or both them. Steel deck floor is usually cast composite slab structure a mainly uses light energy to maintain standardization of prefabricated wall panels. For fire protection is mainly use the fire trucks on fire coating or coated plate. Currently the steel structure is became popular residential industrial countries. In Australia, Japan the 50% of the residential is made by steel structure, 20% in United State, The first of modern architecture, in France were known as the New art nouveau, and were known as the Modernism in Spain. But this phase was too short, and it was less than 20 years which from 90s the 19th century until before the First World War. For example, in the United States and Finland, the impact of the New art nouveau was very weak, and it turned better in beginning of 30s the 20th century. The New art nouveau architecture was emphasized that the basic characteristics of the main building and the environment harmonization. The second phase of modern architecture began in the after the First World War in 20s the 20th century, and quickly became popular in industrialized countries, the same as the New art nouveau. This phase of the design ideas, including new materials, new structures of understanding and application of the additional focus on new technology applications and innovative architectural languages. Therefore, this phase is also often known as Structuralism, Functionalism, The international style and so on. The second phase of the design trend of modern architecture began after the large-scale industrialization in many countries, this also gives both the positive and negative effects. While the corresponding negative, especially staggering impact on the environment. A key feature of modern architecture is innovative. Steel construction is the synthesis of the material, structure, technology and the request of the people are comfortable living environment. Throughout the history of the development of steel structure, we can see that architects are always trying to put the structure and construction together, and to show the structural system that an artistic forms. At the same time, the architects constantly explore the issues of how the river of steel and other materials to be used together perfectly. How to transform the existing residential areas, to adapt them to modern of urban structure, characteristics of the times and adapt modern construction and materials technology is also a rather challenging problems. Steel structure was widely used as building materials in 19th century In mid-19th century, steel as a building material widely used in Western Europe, with the price of steel for residential structure also occur at this time. There were many large public buildings with steel structure in this time, including the famous Train Station in Paris which is North station and East station, sanctity of that for the library and the French National Library. At the same time, iron component, in particular prefabricated cast iron components into the structural members or even the entire structural system has also been widely used in the 10 industrialized countries in Europe. Crystal Palace was a landmark steel structure was built in 1851s for World Expo in London designed by a gardener called Joseph Paxton. Crystal Palace used a lot of steel and large glasses, a perfect combination of two materials, it is a classic although only a temporary building. The form of steel structure The construction industry has tried many different styles in 60s to 90s the 20th century. On the one hand, the current style is constantly developed and improved, there is a turning point that before they were critical and negative trends of thought in this phase. In the period of 60s to 80s, the USM-Haller system which created by the Swiss architect Fritz Haller is characterized by use of bolts, making every part of the structure can disassemble and re-assembly, the components can be recycled many times. In addition, the steel structure is also very popular in Finland, Sweden, Denmark and France and other European countries. Denmark, Sweden and France have a large-scale construction of residential steel system success. The European people tend to put the steel and a healthy lifestyle together. The famous of steel construction in the world is: MillenniumDome in London, designed by British architect Richard Rogers; -Figure 6. La Tour Eiffel in Paris, designed by Gustave Eiffel The concept of steel structure What is steel structure? Production of steel is one of the main types of building structures. Steel is characterized by high strength, light weight, rigidity, and it is for the construction of large span and high, especially suitable for building ultra-heavy, homogeneous and isotropic material is good, and ideal elastomer, the most general engineering mechanics of the basic assumptions; material plasticity, thoughness, and may have a larger deformation, can well withstand dynamic loads; short construction period; its high degree of industrialization, mechanization can be a high degree of specialized production; high precision, high efficiency, sealed good, it can be used for the construction of cylinders, thanks and transformers. The disadvantage is poor fire resistance and corrosion resistance. Mainly used for heavy load-bearing skeleton of the workshop, subject to dynamic loads of the house structure, shell structures, tall tower and mast structures, bridges and libranries and high-rise construction. The basic properties of steel structure The intrinsic properties of steel used by it endured a series of raw materials and process decisions. The role of the outside world, including various types of load and the performance of its meteorological environment is also not overlook. Construction projects, steel structure of steel are used in relatively good plastic materials under the action of the tension, stress-strain curve at more than obvious after the elastic yield point and a yield platform. Then included in the strengthening phase. Traditional steel design, steel strength to yield point as a limit, and as the carrying capacity of the local yield criteria. However, the plastic properties of steel under certain conditions can be utilized; simple bracket allows the surface of the plastic contained in the moment of maximum development; continuous beam and the plastic design of the framework has been on the agenda was. Structural steel and other building materials, the intensity is much higher. In the same loading conditions, steel structure containing surface is small, containing part of the thickness of surface is also small. Therefore, the stability in the steel design is a prominent issue. As long as there is compression of local structures and the possibility should be considered in the design of how to prevent instability. Sometimes, the locality is not ask the ultimate bearing capacity of components, you cannot add to prevent, and take advantage of post-buckling strength. Structural steel has good self-willed. Therefore, an important dynamic role in steel structures often do. But the design of such steel must also be the correct selection of steel, when the load when repeated, also from the calculation, construction and construction aspects to consider fatigue. The toughness of steel is not immutable. Material, class, stress state, temperature, etc. will be affected by it, the steel structure used to have brittle fracture of the accident, began to promote from the age of welded structures, the brittle has become an attractive issue.

Human ecology Essay

As it is evident that the earth is in the verge of being overwhelmed by pollution and destruction and the only way to alleviate this is for humanity to â€Å"go green† or be more earth friendly. If I were given the money to do so, I would practice â€Å"go green† living. For starters, the car I would purchase would be a Honda Civic Hybrid. Hybrid cars are the alternative to cars that consume fossil fuels – main contributors to global warming and pollution. With the Honda Civic Hybrid, one does not have to give up style and luxury in order to give way to be more earth-friendly as the fuel it uses is hybrid or a combination of natural gas, gasoline electric hybrid and natural gasoline. On the other hand, I want to build a house in a dune as this does not need cooling, hence, there would be no need for air conditioning. It should also be facing south, towards the sun in order to utilize the sun and its heat. The house must also have a cistern that will capture rainwater which will be used for flushing toilets and watering the lawns. Furthermore, it must be built with pine or from wood coming from sustainable forests – trees that grow quick. Since the house is facing south and utilizing the sun’s heat, it is good to add solar panels on a recycled rubber roof to provide heating through coils in the floor. The sun’s solar power can also be used to power the appliances inside. It is still possible to splurge on appliances; although in order to save electricity, the appliances inside the house must be energy efficient especially the air conditioner, water heater, furnace and refrigerator. For entertainment, cable television will do and a CD player for some music.

Japanese Culture Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden...

A geisha is truly a unique and fascinating individual in the within the Japanese culture. Often times, many individuals do not take the time which is necessary to learn about another person’s culture to understand what incidents occur to shape them into who they are. Americans are primarily guilty of putting the geisha in the same box as prostitutes and placing an identical label on them, when in fact, a geisha isn’t a prostitute at all. However, there are facts about them both that certainly remain true. Geishas and prostitutes are both women who often entertain men; nonetheless, there are undoubtedly unique differences with regard to the style and delivery of their entertainment. The woman who becomes a geisha â€Å"don’t become geisha†¦show more content†¦All the girls studying to be geisha took classes at this same school† (Golden 45). â€Å"Dance is the most revered of the geisha’s arts. Only the most promising and beautiful geisha are encouraged to specialize in it, and nothing except perhaps tea ceremony can compare to the richness of its tradition† (Golden 150). It can certainly be understood why dance is considered to be the art that is considered highest. Regardless of an individual’s culture and background, it could definitely be agreed that dancing is quite personal and can evoke a multitude of emotions all at once. Geisha are also â€Å"taught how to behave toward people. They learn when it is appropriate to smile and say something kind† to another individual† (Golden 158). The magnificent style of dress that a geisha wears is an important tool within her practice of art. The geisha wears a robe called a kimono. It is not simply any kind of kimono. The kimono is a piece of artwork itself. It is usually a kimono that is designed by the best of the best in the most elegant silk fabrics with vast combinations of vibrant colors, threads and textures. Chiyo describes a kimono that belongs to Mameha, â€Å"It was a work of art. Weaving its way from the hem up to the waist was a beautiful vine made heavily lacquered threads bunched together like a tiny cable and sewn into place. It was a part of the fabric, yet it seemed so much like anShow MoreRelatedMemoires of a Geisha by Arthur Golden1703 Words   |  7 PagesWith over seven billion individuals (Population Clock), it is intelligible to claim that with so vast a sea of differing vistas; the power of perspective is the most influential contributor to modern civilization and the human spirit. Arthur Golden’s Memoires of a Geisha and Salvador Dali’s â€Å"Swans Reflecting Elephants† demonstrate the power and influence that differing perspective can have in a positive, artistic manner; while simultaneously bringing notice to the less-than-savory offspring that divergingRead MoreBody2338 Words   |  10 PagesJustice Arthur Golden depicts women’s rights in order to understand the important role of respect in one’s life and the right to live freely. The issue on women’s rights is clearly stated in the novel because Golden takes a good interest on the way how the society itself treats poor families and women, differently from the higher ones. A sample event that shows the depiction on women’s right: ‘â€Å"†¦Since moving to New York I’ve learned what the word â€Å"geisha† really to most Westerners†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Golden 375) Read MoreMemoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden713 Words   |  3 Pageswell as various Japanese Geisha in the early 1900’s; specifically in the novel Memoirs of A Geisha, by Arthur Golden. Set in the early years before World War 1, it was within the lives of these Geisha that objectification was not only displayed, but was exemplified. Outrightly told to listen to men, apply cosmetics, and act with reservation within society, similarities between both old-world Geishas and modern day women are easily correlated. Beginning on their initiation day, Geisha were taught exactlyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Memoirs Of A Geisha 1219 Words   |  5 PagesMemoirs of a Geisha is a beautiful work of meta-fiction; where the author implements an autobiographical approach and fabricates a fictional translator who is supposedly a friend of the protagonist in the book; Nitta Sayuri a geisha or Geiko of Kyoto, Japan. Here Golden gives an unusual frame to the storytelling through the voice of the translator Jacob and how Jacob documents Sayuri’s oral narration about the fascinating life she has had as a Kyoto Geisha. This biographical approach gives the storyRead MoreMetaphors In Memoirs Of A Geisha1760 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction: The novel Memoirs of a Geisha is a historic fiction story in which the hardships and blunders of the Japanese during both world wars and after are seen through the eyes of the protagonist. In other words, this is the life story of the narrator. As evident by the title, the story is of the narrator’s transition and life as a geisha, which roughly means ‘traditional Japanese prostitute’. The lives of geisha are very difficult, facing discrimination from the changing world and oppressionRead MoreShanghai Girls - Book Review2407 Words   |  10 Pageshe childhood in the Chinatown of Los Angeles, and her familial background has given her roots in Chinese culture and has had a great impact on her life and work. See is the author of the critically acclaimed international bestseller, Snow Flower and the Secret Fan; Peony in Love; Flower Net (an Edgar Award nominee); The Interior; and Dragon Bones, as well as the critically acclaimed memoir On Gold Mountain, and Shanghai Girls. Her first book, On Gold Mountain: The One Hundred Year Odyssey of MyRead MoreShanghai Girls - Book Review2414 Words   |  10 Pagesspent he childhood in the Chinatown of Los Angeles, and her familial background has given her roots in Chinese culture and has had a great impact on her life and work. See is the author of the critically acclaimed international bestseller, Snow Flower and the Secret Fan; Peony in Love; Flower Net (an Edgar Award nominee); The Interior; and Dragon Bones, as well as the critically acclaimed memoir On Gold Mountain, and Shanghai Girls. Her first book, On Gold Mountain: The One Hundred Year Odyssey of MyRead MoreMovie Vs Text : Memoirs Of A Geisha2110 Words   |  9 PagesFilm vs Text: Memoirs of a Geisha Juanita Krzymowski Coleman University HUM320: World Drama Danielle Peloquin Film vs Text: Memoirs of a Geisha In this paper, I will be comparing the differences in both the novel and the movie of Memoirs of a Geisha. The book was written by Arthur Golden and published September 27, 1997. The film was directed by Rob Marshall and released in theaters December 9. 2005. The differences I will be talking about what was different and how it may affect it may have

American History Pearl Harbor - 1067 Words

â€Å"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 – a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan,† (Day). The quote above, from Franklin D. Roosevelt as he addresses Congress and asks for a declaration of war against Japan, which he later on received, refers to one of the most important events to materialize in American history: Pearl Harbor. Much has been documented discussing the events that took place on December 7, 1941, some to recapture the events, and others seek to discover the answer to the question: could Pearl Harbor have been prevented? Pearl Harbor not only impacted American History, but also World History. Reviewing previous events, we now see that there were many intelligence fragments that pointed to Japanese plans to assault Pearl Harbor. However, would the avoidance of Pearl Harbor been an efficacious thing to do? Considering the fact that World War II was e normously affected by the besiegement of the U.S. naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, if this event had not existed, America would have found no reason to engage in World War II, thus Hitler and the Nazi army would have succeeded in conquering most if not all of Europe. War is defined as being two opposing forces that physically and aggressively defend their territory. The two opposing forces in World War II were the Axis powers- Germany, Italy, and Japan- and the Allied powers- the U.S, Britain, and the Soviet Union. TheShow MoreRelatedPearl Harbor Of American History1092 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Significance of Pearl Harbor in American History† The surprise attack of the Japanese forces was devastating to the American population. Pearl Harbor is a naval base of the United States stationed in Hawaii, and was the home of many of the U.S. naval vessels. On December 7, 1941 the Japanese military had attacked Pearl Harbor causing many deaths and injuries. Also taking out more than 500 of our naval vessels. Pearl Harbor impacted American history by improving our country as a whole, theRead More The Attack on Pearl Harbor Shapes American History Essays2443 Words   |  10 PagesAttack on Pearl Harbor Shapes American History â€Å"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy . . .† These famous lines were spoken the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave this speech to the U.S. Congress on December 8, 1941. Many criticized the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, but the decision to attack America was wisely made. The Americans were going to enter the war sooner or later, and on the allies’ side. The attack on Pearl Harbor wouldRead MoreThe attack on Pearl Harbor changed the course of American history. On Sunday, December600 Words   |  3 Pages The attack on Pearl Harbor changed the course of American history. On Sunday, December 7,1941, in Oahu, Hawaii, many American ships were in port on a beautiful day. The soldiers were enjoying the incredible weather on that cool Sunday morning. Yamamoto Isoroku, a Japanese Naval officer, was the mastermind behind the attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor. Americans believed Japan was angry at the United States for stopping imports, such as bullets and guns. They also thoughtRead MoreEssay Pearl Harbor1097 Words   |  5 PagesRoosevelt. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor Roosevelt asked congress to declare war on Japan. Pearl Harbor was a surprise to the United States, a great plan to the Japanese Empire, and a gateway to World War II. The attack on Pearl Harbor took a toll on countries all over the world. That day in 1941 has been and forever will be the most infamous act of the Japanese Empire. On December 7, 1941 the ultimate disaster in the history of the United States occurred. â€Å"Pearl Harbor is a lagoon island on theRead MorePearl Harbor Cause And Effect Essay1440 Words   |  6 Pages The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects By Dawn Martin (4631058) American Public University System June 11, 2017 HIST102: American History since 1877 Thomas Pfundstein The Battle of Pearl Harbor Cause and Effects On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, at 7:55 AM the Japanese Empire led a surprise attack on the US Naval base Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, that would leave millions of Americans in shock, and heartbroken. Before the attack, the United States kept a low profile on InternationalRead MoreReasons for the Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States in the history of America. This was the date of the Japanese attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor was the last straw that led to the United States joining World War II as part of the Allied Power. The bombing was in reaction to many economic sanctions that were placed on Japan, so the bombing was not just to make the United States mad. We can see many reasons as to why Japan would bomb Pearl Harbor. There were many eventsRead MoreThe Pearl Harbor Attack Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 7, 1941 was a date that lived in infamy; it was a date that 2,400 Americans lost their lives needlessly. Several military ships were destroyed and millions of dollars in military equipment was lost. It was a date that this great nation still to this date has not forgotten. No one could have imagined something so horrific happening on American soil that day. The United States of America at that time was a neutral party in the war at that time. This attack caused a turning tide in theRead MoreThe Bombing Of Pearl Harbor Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pages The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a very startling attack that altered American history. It is a significant moment in American history that will not be forgotten. This confrontation happened between America and Japan for different reasons that are presented in this paper. America and Japan had weak negotiations and communications, which led to the attack on Pearl Harbor; however, America reacted on the attack effectively. Because of these circumstances, the rival led to the bombing and destructionRead MoreThe Bombing Of Pearl Harbor780 Words   |  4 Pagesbombing of Pearl Harbor has remained a significant event in United States history. On December 7, 1941, Japanese forces launched an attack on the US naval base in Oahu, Hawaii. It specifically targeted military objectives and the US Pacific Fleet. The results following the two hour and fifteen minute raid destroyed 177 planes, sunk or damages eighteen ships, and left nearly 4,000 Americans dead. This attack on US soil spiked extreme patriotism throughout the nation and directly lead Americans into WorldRead MoreThe Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pages 2,403 soldiers were killed in action, 1,178 were wounded in action. Through the misjudgments of numerous U.S. armed forces personnel, the Japanese were able to carry out this terrible attack, w hich crippled the United States’ Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. â€Å"Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan†¦As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed